The Himalayas, 喜马拉雅山脉,
the world's tallest mountain range. 世界上最高的山脉.
As earth meets the sky along this hostile terrain, 当地球与天空相遇时,
powerful winds,subzero temperatures, 狂风,零度以下的温度,
and a lack of oxygen oppose virtually all forms of life. 而缺氧几乎阻碍了所有形式的生命。.
But creatures have somehow conquered 但是生物已经以某种方式被征服了
these cloud-piercing peaks, 这些穿透云的高峰,
and more recently,people have also taken on 最近,人们也开始
the world's toughest terrain. 世界上最艰难的地形.
Although this enormous natural barrier 虽然这个巨大的自然屏障
shields and nurtures India's fertile lower plains, 遮护和养育印度肥沃的低平原,
the pressure to survive at higher climbs 在更高的攀登中生存的压力
fuels competition,pushing all who live here to the limit. 加剧了竞争,将所有生活在这里的人们推向了极限.
These are the Himalayas, 这些是喜马拉雅山,
where only the toughest of creatures survive. 只有最强悍的生物才能幸存下来.
The Himalayas run west to east across Northern India, 喜马拉雅山脉从西到东横穿印度北部,
forming an arc 2-1/2 thousand kilometers long. 形成一个2千500公里长的弧.
Outside Asia,no peak reaches above 7,000 meters, 在亚洲以外,没有峰达到7,000米以上,
but along the Himalayan Range, 但是沿着喜马拉雅山脉,
over 100 mountains exceed this height 超过100座山脉超过了这个高度
by at least 200 meters,and counting. 至少200米的距离，再数数.
At first sight,the Himalayas appear 乍一看,喜马拉雅山出现了
like any other snow-covered barren land. 像其他任何被雪覆盖的贫瘠土地一样.
But this immense geological feature 但是这种巨大的地质特征
somehow supports one of the largest 以某种方式支持最大的公司之一
and most diverse collections of creatures on the planet. 以及地球上最多样化的生物集合.
While these rugged highlands 当这些崎岖的高地
offer little direct refuge to humans, 对人类几乎没有直接的庇护,
in the shadow below,over a billion people in India 在下面的阴影中,印度超过十亿人
rely on the mountains for survival. 依靠山区生存.
As the seasons come and go, 随着季节的变化,
the mystery as to how these mountains 这些山如何神秘
fuel such a vast array of life soon becomes clear. 如此庞大的生活燃料很快就变得清晰起来.
100 million years ago, 一亿年前
the Indian Island Continent started drifting north 印度群岛大陆开始向北漂流
at a rate of over 16 centimeters a year 每年超过16厘米
on one of the fastest-moving tectonic plates in the world. 在世界上运动最快的构造板块之一上.
Eventually,the floating mass slammed into Asia, 最终,浮游生物猛烈冲击了亚洲,
and slid beneath the stationary continent. 并滑落到静止的大陆下方.
The crumpling and uplifting of the lands above 上方土地的起伏和隆起
created enormous earthquakes, 造成了巨大的地震
and ultimately gave birth to the magnificent mountain range 最终孕育了壮丽的山脉
that is still rising today. 今天仍然在上升.
Despite being the world's tallest mountains, 尽管是世界上最高的山脉,
the Himalayas are surprisingly 喜马拉雅山脉令人惊讶
one of the youngest ranges on the planet. 地球上最年轻的山脉之一.
Significant growth has taken place 显着增长
in just the last few hundred-thousand years. 在最近的几十万年中.
They currently have the highest rate of uplift in the world, 他们目前的举升率是世界上最高的,
rising by five millimeters every year. 每年增加五毫米.
The next million years could see 未来一百万年可以看到
these already cloud-piercing peaks 这些已经冲破云层的高峰
rise a further five kilometers. 再上升五公里.
At 5,000 meters above sea level, 在海拔5,000米处,
among the most treacherous and untamed mountains 在最危险,最驯服的山脉之中
in the world,certain highly-adapted species 在世界上,某些高度适应的物种
have made this desolate,cold desert their home. 使这片荒凉而寒冷的沙漠成为家园.
Blue sheep,also known as bharal, 蓝羊,又称野牛,
resemble goats rather than their wooly namesake. 像山羊,而不是像羊毛一样的名字.
Living in small groups of around 20, 生活在20人左右的小团体中,
they're active throughout the day. 他们全天都很活跃.
Winter food is so scarce, 冬季食物非常稀缺
searching for hidden roots is a part of the daily routine, 寻找隐藏的根是日常生活的一部分，,
but the occasional stump of dried-up summer grass 但偶尔的夏季干草树桩
still provides a welcome bonus. 仍然提供了欢迎奖金.
Despite their excellent camouflage and sure-footed ability, 尽管他们有出色的伪装和坚定的能力,
bharal still fall victim to predators. 巴拉尔羊仍然是食肉动物的猎物.
Young lambs are particularly vulnerable, 幼小羔羊特别脆弱,
especially when forced to break cover 尤其是当被迫打破掩护
in search of a much-needed drink. 寻找急需的水源时.
But aerial hunters aren't the main threat 但是空中猎人并不是主要威胁
along these snow-covered plains. 沿着这些冰雪覆盖的平原.
Another predator prowls the peaks, 另一个掠食者四处寻觅,
and there's no limit to the size of this creature's prey. 而且对这个生物的猎物的大小没有限制.
Stalking from above,the element of surprise 从上面走来走去,惊喜的元素
is all part of the snow leopard's 是雪豹的一部分
preferred method of capture. 首选捕获方法.
Like many of the big cats, 像许多大猫一样,
the snow leopard is a powerful ambush hunter. 雪豹是一个强大的伏击猎人.
But like all mountain goats, 但是像所有的山羊一样,
these ibex have highly-tuned senses. 这些高地山羊具有高度调节的感觉.
Their eyes lock on to the impending danger 他们的眼睛注视着即将来临的危险
before taking evasive action. 在采取回避行动之前.
Despite having large rock-gripping padded feet, 尽管脚踩着大石头,
and a long balance-assisting tail, 一条长长的平衡辅助尾巴,
this stalker stands little chance of catching 这个缠扰者几乎没有机会抓住
one of the most agile creatures on the planet, 地球上最敏捷的生物之一,
unless it can avoid being spotted. 除非可以避免被发现.
But the snow leopard rarely goes hungry. 但是雪豹很少饿.
It has a secret weapon. 它有一个秘密武器.
While most mountain goats become blind to the night, 当大多数山羊对黑夜视而不见时,
the snow leopard's excellent nocturnal vision kicks in. 雪豹出色的夜间视野开始发挥作用.
This advantage explains why the majority of kills 这种优势解释了为什么大多数猎杀行为
take place closer to dawn and dusk. 发生在更接近黎明和黄昏的地方.
Himalayan snow levels rarely venture higher 喜马拉雅山降雪量很少上升
than 5-1/2 thousand meters, 大于5-1200米,
and it appears this oxygen-depleted altitude 看起来这是缺氧的高度
is the limit for another mammal 是另一种哺乳动物的极限
that also struggles to survive 还要挣扎求生
in the mountains of India's most northern region,Ladakh. 在印度最北部的拉达克山区.
Following a six-hour trek 经过六个小时的跋涉
from the Himalayas's higher plains, 从喜马拉雅山的较高平原,
the Changpa tribe finally reach pa巴族终于到了
their temporary winter base. 他们临时的冬季基地.
These nomadic herders can't survive 这些游牧民族无法生存
the deathly winter cold above 5,000 meters, 超过5,000米的致命冬季寒冷,
so instead,travel over 10 kilometers 因此,要行驶10公里以上
to reach the lower-altitude plains. 到达低海拔平原.
Even here at 4,000 meters,in a blink of the sun, 即使在4000米的地方,在阳光的照耀下,
temperatures can suddenly plummet from plus-five 温度可能突然从5骤降
to minus-30 degrees Celsius. 到零下30摄氏度
Setting up camp by one of the previous seasons' 在以前的季节之一之前建立营地
dry stone corrals is top of the to-do list 干石畜栏是待办事项列表的顶部
before the bone-chilling night air creeps in. 在令人毛骨悚然的夜晚空气蔓延之前.
As the early morning sun 作为清晨的阳光
takes the ambient air above freezing, 把周围的空气带到冰点以上,
baby goats that spent the night 过夜的小山羊
under the warm cover of canvas are returned to the herd. 在温暖的帆布掩护下重归牧群.
For centuries,nomads like 61-year old Stanzen. 几个世纪以来,游牧民族都喜欢61岁的斯坦森（Stanzen）.
have been herding the goats whose delicate wool 一直在放牧那些羊毛细腻的山羊
supplies the cashmere shawl industry. 供应羊绒披肩行业.
Newborn kids guarantee the future supply of raw wool, 新生的孩子保证将来的原毛供应,
known as pashm,so they receive special care 被称为pashm,因此他们会得到特别照顾
and are always first to be tended to. 并总是首先被照顾.
A constantly-smoking stove is the center point 经常吸烟的炉灶是中心
to nomadic life,alongside a decorated altar, 游牧生活,伴随着装饰的祭坛,
used for daily worship. 用于日常崇拜.
With their origins in neighboring Tibet, 起源于邻国西藏
the Changpa are devout followers of Tibetan Buddhism. 昌巴是藏传佛教的虔诚追随者.
They believe the world is divided 他们相信世界是分裂的
into three distinct layers, 分为三个不同的层,
the upper tier being the home of the gods, 上层是众神的家,
the lower,the domain of the underworld spirits. 较低的是黑社会精神的领域.
And sandwiched in the middle is the layer shared 夹在中间的是共享层
by people and animals. 由人和动物组成.
Believing that their livestock are a gift from the gods, 相信他们的牲畜是神赐予的礼物,
each morning,incense burned at the tent's altar 每天早晨,香在帐篷的祭坛上燃烧
is taken outside and offered to their animals. 被带到外面,并提供给他们的动物.
The number of goats,sheep,and yak a family owns 一个家庭拥有的山羊,绵羊和牛的数量
defines wealth. 定义财富.
The most well-off can possess over 1,000 animals. 最富裕的人可以拥有1,000多只动物.
With trees unable to grow in this high-altitude climate, 在这种高海拔气候下,树木无法生长,
firewood is conveniently replaced 方便地更换木柴
by another renewable source. 由另一个可再生资源.
While his mother and father remain at camp 当他的父亲和母亲留在营地时
tackling domestic duties, 处理家务,
18-year-old Tupsten heads off for the day 18岁的图普斯滕出发去了
in search of grazing to satisfy his herd 寻找放牧来满足他的牧群
of 100 hungry mouths. 100个饥饿的嘴巴.
Boys start shepherding with their fathers 男孩开始牧养他们的父亲
at the age of eight,and when confident, 在八岁的时候,当有信心的时候,
head off into the hills on their own. 独自前往山丘.
Although sheep and yak fibers 虽然绵羊和fibers牛纤维
also provide a source of income, 也提供收入来源
it's the indigenous Tibetan or Pashmina mountain goats 这是土生土长的西藏山羊或帕什米纳山羊
that are most valued. 最有价值的.
The harsh climate of the Ladakh Plateau 拉达克高原的恶劣气候
forces the goats to grow an extra layer of downy fiber 迫使山羊生长一层额外的绒毛纤维
beneath their upper coat,producing some of the finest 在他们的上衣下面,产生一些最好的
and most valuable wool available today. 和当今最有价值的羊毛.
Back in the 18th century, 早在18世纪,
the ever-scheming East India Company 不断发展的东印度公司
realized the value of such fibers, 意识到这种纤维的价值,
and were quick to coerce the Ladakhi king 并迅速胁迫拉达基国王
to side with the Empire. 与帝国并肩作战.
But the so-called Pashmina Wars 但是所谓的帕什米纳战争
between the region's various rulers 在该地区的各个统治者之间
date back over 400 years. 距今已有400多年的历史.
Although the lower grazing grounds aren't covered by snow 尽管较低的放牧地没有被白雪覆盖
like the higher plains, 像高平原一样
their short,dry grasses provide a very limited, 他们的短而干燥的草只提供了非常有限的
vastly spread-out resource. 大量分散的资源.
Tupsten and his herd have no option 塔普斯滕和他的牧群别无选择
but to cover over 10 kilometers each day 但每天要覆盖十多公里
in search of edible pasture. 寻找可食用的牧场.
It's an arduous nine-hour roundtrip. 这是一个艰苦的九小时往返.
But the Changpa aren't the only ones forced to journey 但是昌帕并不是唯一一个被迫旅行的人
across this unforgiving land in order to survive. 穿越这片无情的土地才能生存.
High above the plateau,bar-headed geese 高高的高原,条头雁
head south over the Himalayas 在喜马拉雅山上向南行驶
to the warmer winter feeding grounds of Northern India. 到印度北部较温暖的冬季觅食地.
But traveling over 1,500 kilometers in a single day 但是一天要行驶1500多公里
isn't this bird's only claim to fame. 这不是这只鸟成名的唯一理由.
It chooses to fly at an altitude 它选择在高空飞行
few other creatures could barely imagine, 其他生物几乎无法想象,
and that includes man, 包括人,
as this bird cruises even higher than a jumbo jet. 因为这只鸟的巡航速度甚至比巨型喷气式飞机还要高.
Soaring at 10,000 meters, 在10,000米处飙升,
bar-headed geese have even been spotted 黑头鹅甚至被发现
flying over Everest,the tallest mountain in the world. 飞越珠穆朗玛峰,世界上最高的山脉.
Although broader-than-average wings 虽然机翼比平均机翼宽
create a large uplifting surface-to-weight ratio, 产生大的提升表面重量比,
this species doesn't just glide with the wind. 这个物种不仅随风而滑.
Part of its success is down to being a powerful flapper. 它的成功部分归功于强大的挡板.
Under their own power,bar-headed geese can fly 鹅在自己的力量下可以飞翔
over 80 kilometers an hour. 每小时超过80公里.
With a tail wind,this speed can easily be doubled. 顺风而下,这个速度很容易加倍.
At minus-35-degrees Celsius, 在摄氏零下35度,
ice build-up on their wings would normally be an issue 翅膀上积冰通常是一个问题
for most birds,but the bar-head's relentless flapping 对于大多数鸟类而言,但杆头不断拍打
over the mountains produces excess body heat, 在山上会产生过多的身体热量,
which,in turn,acts as a de-icing mechanism. 这反过来又起到了除冰机制的作用.
The atmosphere up here contains just a quarter 这里的气氛只有四分之一
of the oxygen found at sea level. 在海平面上发现的氧气.
But unlike other goose species, 但是与其他鹅种不同,
bar-headed geese have a greater number of blood capillaries 大头雁的毛细血管数量更多
servicing their wing muscles. 为他们的翅膀肌肉服务.
This evolutionary trait means the limited oxygen absorbed 这种进化特征意味着有限的氧气吸收
is utilized much more efficiently. 被更有效地利用.
Since their creation,the Himalayas have shaped 自创建以来,喜马拉雅山就已经形成了
the cultures of Southern Asia. 南亚的文化.
Many peaks are seen as sacred, 许多山峰被认为是神圣的,
and religion,such as Buddhism, 和宗教,例如佛教,
have a strong physical presence in the remotest of areas. 在偏远地区拥有强大的实体形象.
Prayer flags flapping in the wind 祷告的旗帜在风中飘扬
break the silence across the numerous mountain passes. 打破无数山脉之间的寂静.
For centuries,Buddhist pilgrims have draped these pennants 几个世纪以来,佛教朝圣者披着这些三角旗
across valleys and places of spiritual practice 跨越山谷和精神实践的地方
for the wind to carry their written prayers 随风携带他们的书面祈祷
across the landscape. 整个景观.
Although the flags are said to bring happiness 虽然据说旗帜带来幸福
and prosperity to the flag planter, 和繁荣的旗帜种植者,
it's also believed they spread goodwill and compassion 人们也相信他们传播了善意和同情心
to all beings throughout the pervading space. 遍及整个宇宙中的所有众生.
More permanent monuments to the Buddhist faith 佛教信仰的更多永久纪念碑
also reveal the magnitude of religion throughout the region. 也揭示了整个地区宗教的规模.
Evoking the shape of the seated Buddha, 唤起坐佛的形状,
monuments such as these have been central 诸如此类的古迹一直是中心
to Buddhist worship for over 2,000 years. 超过2000年的佛教徒崇拜
Known as stupas,they take the same form 被称为佛塔,它们采用相同的形式
as the prototype created by the religion's founder 作为宗教创始人创建的原型
back in the 6th century BC. 早在公元前6世纪.
The main dome represents the sacred mountains 主穹顶代表圣山
linking heaven and earth, 连接天地
while crowning the structure is a single spike 而加冕结构是一个尖峰
holding the three jewels denoting the Buddha, 持有代表佛陀的三颗珠宝,
the law,and the community of monks. 法律和僧侣社区.
Perched high above the valleys, 栖息在山谷之上
isolated monastic retreats provide a permanent home 孤立的修道院静修所提供了永久的住所
for holy devotees. 为圣洁的奉献者.
Also known as gompas, 也称为gompas,
most Himalayan monasteries appear locked in time, 大多数喜马拉雅寺院似乎都锁定了时间,
having undergone little change over the past 400 years. 在过去的400年中几乎没有变化.
Daily life at Stakna Gompa starts early in the morning. Stakna Gompa的日常生活从清晨开始.
The spinning of prayer wheels 祈祷轮旋转
is believed to accumulate wisdom and positive karma. 人们相信它会积累智慧和积极的业力.
It also has the same effect as orally reciting the mantras 它也具有与口头诵经一样的效果
that adorn the cylinders. 装饰着气瓶的东西.
Along with daily prayer routines 伴随着日常的祈祷程序
and services to the community, 和对社区的服务,
religious study is the main theme of monastic life. 宗教学习是修道院生活的主题.
It takes at least 18 years for newly-ordained monks 新任命的僧侣至少需要18年的时间
to fully complete their scholarship, 完全完成他们的奖学金,
during which they retreat for hours upon hours 在此期间,他们不断退缩数小时
to meditate and reflect on the meanings 冥想和反思意义
and implications of Buddhist philosophy. 和佛教哲学的含义.
Only a handful of talented monks 只有少数有才华的和尚
end up leading a scholarly life, 最终过着学术生活,
and advance to religious fulfillment. 并实现宗教成就.
Many find themselves performing more secular roles, 许多人发现自己扮演的是世俗角色,
such as craftsmen,builders,and cooks. 例如工匠,建筑商和厨师.
Traditionally,the youngest son from each family 传统上,每个家庭的最小儿子
is sent to join the local monastery, 被派去参加当地的修道院,
but for one Changpa boy back in Ladakh, 但是对于一个回到拉达克的昌帕男孩来说,
this wasn't an option. 这不是一个选择.
With no other siblings to help tend the herd, 没有其他兄弟姐妹可以帮助抚养牛群,
it's down to Tupsten to maintain the family income. 维持家庭收入取决于塔普斯滕.
At the end of another nine-hour food trek, 又过了9个小时的美食之旅,
it's all hands on deck,as each animal is given 因为每只动物都被赋予了所有的权柄
a couple of handfuls of barley 几个大麦
to supplement their reduced winter grazing. 补充他们减少的冬季放牧.
Finally,the day is done,and the herd huddles together 终于,这一天结束了,羊群挤在一起
inside the stone corral. 里面的石畜栏.
Alone,they'd stand little chance of surviving 独自一人,他们生存的机会很小
the subzero nighttime temperature, 零下的夜间温度,
but cold isn't the only killer roaming the valley. 但寒冷并不是漫游山谷的唯一杀手.
Namgel,nearby neighbor, 南格尔（Namgel）,附近的邻居,
brings news of a growing problem 带来一个日益严重的问题的消息
facing the entire Changpa community. 面对整个昌帕社区.
Last night,another one of his goats was taken. 昨晚,他的另一只山羊被捕了.
In total,over 40 animals have been attacked 总共有40多种动物受到攻击
and killed this winter, 在这个冬天被杀死
and it appears they're dealing with a number of assassins. 看来他们正在处理许多刺客.
As the Changpa retreat to lower climbs 随着昌帕山撤退到较低的山峰
to survive the winter,the snow leopards follow. 为了过冬,雪豹随之而来.
And it seems the entire plateau could now be surrounded. 似乎整个高原现在都可以被包围了.
Stanzen proposes the standard solution, Stanzen提出了标准解决方案,
and as night creeps in, 随着夜幕降临,
it's apparent that Tupsten,being the youngest, 很明显,图普斯滕是最年轻的,
has once again drawn the short straw. 再次吸引了矮小的稻草.
Swapping the warmth of the family tent 交换家庭帐篷的温暖
for the freezing night air 为了夜晚的冰冷
is a frequent chore for Tupsten, 是图普斯滕的常务
but a human presence is the best way 但是人的存在是最好的方法
to protect the herd from predatory attacks. 保护畜群免受掠夺性袭击.
Morning comes,and it's soon apparent 早晨到了,很快就很明显
they've had a visitor. 他们有一个访客.
Drag marks offer a clear clue 拖曳标记提供了清晰的线索
to which direction the assailant headed. 袭击者朝哪个方向前进.
Snow leopards usually drag their prey 雪豹通常会拖着猎物
to a safe location before eating. 进食前应移至安全的地方.
But this goat is still intact,meaning one thing: 但是这只山羊仍然完好无损,这意味着一件事：
The perpetrator can't be too far away. 犯罪者不能离得太远.
Despite their formidable reputation, 尽管声誉卓著,
snow leopards pose little direct threat to people. 雪豹对人们几乎没有直接威胁.
Unlike most of their big cat relatives, 与大多数大猫亲戚不同
these highland hunters have never been known 这些高地猎人从来都不为人所知
to attack a human. 攻击人类.
The biggest danger at this altitude is still the cold. 在这个高度上最大的危险仍然是寒冷.
At this time of year, 在每年的这个时候,
the plateau's once fast-flowing rivers 高原曾经快速流动的河流
become just another frozen feature. 成为另一个冻结的功能.
Even the region's largest ecosystems, 即使是该地区最大的生态系统,
the high-altitude lakes,take a break 高海拔的湖泊,休息一下
from their summer wetland roles 从他们夏季的湿地角色
as ice claims every last drop of water. 就像冰一样,每滴最后一滴水.
Lying 4-1/2 thousand meters above sea level, 躺在海拔4-1200米的地方,
Tso Moriri isn't only one of the highest lakes in the world, 佐莫里湖不仅是世界上最高的湖泊之一,
at 28 kilometers long by eight wide, 长28公里,宽8英寸,
it's also the largest body of water 它也是最大的水域
in the Indian Himalayas. 在印度喜马拉雅山.
Surrounded by snow-capped peaks, 被白雪皑皑的山峰环绕,
the lake is mainly topped up by summer melt water. 夏季融化的水主要将湖塞满.
The region's rainfall adds very little, 该地区的降雨增加很少,
with an annual count of just 100 millimeters. 年计数仅为100毫米.
With no outlet,Tso Moriri's already-brackish water 没有出水口,左宗棠的水已经微咸
is becoming increasingly saline every year. 每年都变得越来越咸.
Despite this slightly salty composition, 尽管成分有点咸,
the lake still remains completely frozen 湖仍然完全冻结
for around four months of the year. 一年四个月左右.
But less than 25 kilometers away, 但是不到25公里
it's a very different story. 这是一个非常不同的故事.
In the eastern parts of Ladakh's Puga Valley, 在拉达克的普加山谷东部,
steam rising from the freezing land 从冰冷的土地上冒出的蒸汽
is a stark reminder that these Himalayan mountains 强烈提醒我们,这些喜马拉雅山脉
are no sleeping giants. 不是沉睡的巨人.
Boiling-hot streams point to deep fractures 沸腾的热流指向深部裂缝
in the rock beneath, 在下面的岩石中
a continuous reminder of the tectonic collision 不断提醒着构造碰撞
that began 50 million years ago, 从五千万年前开始,
and that's still taking place today. 而今天仍在发生.
The circulation of water throughout these underground faults 这些地下断层中的水循环
has created over 100 thermal springs. 已经制造了100多个温泉.
Super-heated water from reservoirs over a kilometer down 来自一公里以下的水库的过热水
rises to the surface at a temperature of 84 degrees, 在84度的温度下上升到地表,
the reduced boiling point at this particular altitude. 在此特定高度下降低的沸点.
Just as Ladakh's hot springs provide a constant reminder 就像拉达克的温泉不断提醒您一样
of the Himalayas's creation, 喜马拉雅山的创作
400 kilometers further south lies India's greatest monument 向南400公里处就是印度最大的纪念碑
to the forces behind this magnificent range. 在这个宏伟的范围背后的力量.
At a cloud-caressing 7,800 meters, 在爱云的7,800米处,
Nanda Devi is India's tallest mountain. 南达·德维（Nanda Devi）是印度最高的山峰.
Standing in a vast amphitheater, 站在广阔的圆形剧场,
over 100 kilometers in circumference, 周长超过100公里,
and no less than 6,000 meters high, 且高度不少于6,000米,
Nanda Devi shields an unlikely Eden 南达·德维守护着一个不太可能的伊甸园
in the heart of the Himalayas's hostile zone. 在喜马拉雅山敌对区的心脏地带.
Surrounded by a circle of 600 peaks, 被600个山峰围成一圈,
this secret valley has its own unique microclimate. 这个秘密的山谷有自己独特的小气候.
It's the end of March,and while the rest of the region 这是三月底,而该地区的其他地区
continues to suffer from the crippling cold, 继续遭受严寒的折磨,
spring has already arrived in this fertile gorge. 春天已经来到了这片肥沃的峡谷.
Although known as the Valley of Flowers, 虽然被称为花之谷,
it's still too early for the basin's 对于盆地的流域来说还为时过早
colorful petaled plants to emerge. 多彩的花瓣植物浮出水面.
But the melting of snow cover is cue 但是积雪的融化是提示
for another spectacle to make an appearance. 另一个眼镜出现.
Not all Asiatic black bears hibernate, 并非所有的亚洲黑熊都冬眠,
but here,in the colder northern parts of the world, 但是在这里,在世界较冷的北部,
they're forced to remain in their dens 他们被迫留在窝里
for around four months of the year. 一年四个月左右.
Despite being similar in size to its American relative, 尽管其规模与美国亲戚相似,
a distinctive cream-colored crescent 独特的米黄色月牙
at the center of its chest gives this Himalayan resident 胸部中央有一位喜马拉雅居民
its unique identity. 其独特的身份.
Thicker fur,up to 15 centimeters long 皮毛较厚,最长15厘米
around its neck and face,is another feature 围绕脖子和脸,是另一个特点
separating the two species. 分离两个物种.
Armed with five-centimeter-long curved claws 配备五厘米长的弯曲爪
and canine teeth designed for tearing meat, 和犬齿设计用于撕裂肉,
surprisingly,this predator is primarily a vegetarian. 令人惊讶的是,这种捕食者主要是素食主义者.
Berries,grasses,and roots make up the majority 浆果,草和根占多数
of its diet,along with the occasional insect. 它的饮食,以及偶尔的昆虫.
With the fruits of autumn a long way off, 秋天的果实还有很长的路要走,
the hunter relies on its most valuable weapon, 猎人依靠最有价值的武器
an incredibly acute sense of smell. 令人难以置信的敏锐嗅觉.
This nose is capable of detecting honey 这个鼻子能够检测蜂蜜
from over five kilometers away. 距离超过五公里.
Bugs and grubs hiding up to a meter below ground 虫子和g隐藏在地下一米高的地方
are also at risk of becoming part of this bear's breakfast. 也有可能成为这只熊的早餐的一部分.
Beetles choosing the sanctuary 甲虫选择庇护所
of a rotten log stand little chance 烂木头的机会很小
against such a highly-equipped opponent. 面对这样一个装备精良的对手.
While the Valley of Flowers offers sanctuary 虽然花谷提供了庇护所
to one of the most endangered bears in the world, 给世界上最濒危的熊之一,
Ladakh's thermal springs welcomes the early arrival 拉达克的温泉欢迎早日到来
of one of the planet's most endangered birds. 是地球上最濒危的鸟类之一.
Of the 15 species of crane in the world, 在世界上的15种起重机中,
the black-necked crane is the only one 黑颈鹤是唯一的
living at such high altitude. 生活在如此高的海拔.
After overwintering in large flocks 大群越冬后
in the warmer valleys of China and Tibet, 在中国和西藏温暖的山谷中,
they separate into breeding pairs 他们分成育种对
and head north to the wetlands and lakes 向北走到湿地和湖泊
of the high Himalayan Plateau. 喜马拉雅高原的全景.
But even at this time of year, 但是即使在每年的这个时候
night temperatures can suddenly plummet. 夜晚的温度可能突然暴跌.
Fortunately,this particular bird 幸运的是,这只特殊的鸟
doesn't just have a head for heights. 不仅要高高在上.
It can survive temperatures down to minus 30. 它可以承受的温度低至负30.
At just under a meter-and-a-half in height, 高度不到一米半
the black-necked crane is also 黑颈鹤也是
one of the world's tallest birds. 世界上最高的鸟类之一.
The plumage of both sexes is virtually identical, 男女的羽毛几乎是相同的,
but the male is bigger in size. 但是雄性更大.
Although traditionally thought to pair forever, 尽管传统上认为可以永远配对,
recent studies have since shown 此后最近的研究表明
cranes do change partners throughout their life, 起重机确实改变了他们的一生,
which often stretches over several decades. 通常持续数十年.
Breeding territories are zealously protected, 繁殖地区受到热烈的保护,
and it appears this couple already have company. 看来这对夫妇已经有陪伴了
The pair close in on the intruder. 该对在入侵者附近关闭.
Once within range,it's time to unleash 一旦进入范围,就该释放
their defensive weapon. 他们的防御武器.
This loud territorial duet,known as the unison call, 这种响亮的领土二重唱,即统一通话,
is not only used to thwart aggression, 不仅用来制止侵略,
it's also a vital part of reinforcing bonds 这也是加强纽带的重要组成部分
between the pair. 在一对之间.
The calling also helps synchronize their sexual cycle, 通话还有助于同步他们的性生活周期,
and often accompanies one of nature's 并经常伴随着大自然中的一种
most spectacular courtship displays. 最壮观的求爱展示.
To the lone male,the message is clear, 对于单身男性,信息很明确,
and his quest for a mate continues. 他对伴侣的追求仍在继续.
As springtime temperatures rise, 随着春季温度的升高,
frozen rivers begin to thaw and resume their role 冻河开始融化并恢复其作用
of channeling the April snow melt. 引导四月积雪融化.
Although just shallow streams as they leave 尽管离开时只有浅水流
the Himalayan Plateau, 喜马拉雅高原,
on their journey towards the sea,they miraculously merge 在出海旅行中,他们奇迹般地合并了
to form some of the greatest and most important 形成一些最伟大和最重要的
life-fueling rivers on the planet. 这颗星球上充满生命的河流.
The mighty river Ganges,the Indus,and the Brahmaputra, 强大的恒河,印度河和雅鲁藏布江,
all originate from tiny tributaries 都起源于微小的支流
high up in these mountains. 在这些山上高高的.
On their combined journey of around 10,000 kilometers, 在大约10,000公里的行程中,
these waterways support the lives of over a billion people, 这些水道为超过10亿人的生活提供了支持,
as well as one of the planet's most diverse ecosystems. 以及地球上最多样化的生态系统之一.
Over 1,500 kilometers east of its source, 在源头以东1500公里处,
the Brahmaputra River finally reaches 雅鲁藏布江终于到达
the Himalayan foothills of Manas. 玛纳斯的喜马拉雅山麓.
Throughout this semitropical terrain, 在整个亚热带地区,
temperatures rarely fall below 15 degrees, 温度很少会降到15度以下,
making it a haven for wildlife. 使其成为野生动植物的天堂.
Along with a multitude of reptiles and colorful birds, 除了大量的爬行动物和色彩鲜艳的鸟类,
over 50 species of mammal can be found 可以发现超过50种哺乳动物
throughout these gentle Himalayan slopes, 在喜马拉雅山的这些缓坡上
including India's most iconic creatures. 包括印度最具标志性的生物.
The region's slightly higher temperate forests 该地区温带森林稍高
are also home to one of the world's most elusive animals. 也是世界上最难捉摸的动物之一的家.
Red pandas are about the same size as a domestic cat, 小熊猫的大小与家猫差不多,
and live a solitary life. 并过着孤独的生活.
Despite once being thought of as a raccoon,and then a bear, 尽管曾经被认为是浣熊,然后是熊,
they've since been allocated their own unique family label, 从那时起,他们就被分配了自己独特的家庭标签,
closely related to weasels. 与黄鼠狼密切相关.
Like their giant black-and-white namesakes, 就像他们的黑白大同名一样,
red pandas are unable to digest the cellulose 小熊猫无法消化纤维素
found in most plants,so their diet is almost entirely 在大多数植物中都可以找到,所以它们的饮食几乎完全是
made up of bamboo, 用竹子做成的
greenery their stomachs can just about cope with. 他们的胃可以应付的绿化.
Although they spend up to 13 hours of the day eating, 尽管他们一天要花费多达13个小时的饮食时间,
the spindly plants provide little nutrition. 刺植物几乎没有营养.
Conserving energy is crucial to this creature's survival. 节约能源对于这种生物的生存至关重要.
After marking sections of territory,it's back to the canopy 标记了部分区域后,又回到了顶篷
for some important pampering. 一些重要的呵护.
With fur covering its entire body, 皮草覆盖了整个身体,
this cat-like cleaning is one activity 像猫一样的清洁是一项活动
that cannot be rushed. 不能急于求成.
But if there's one thing that can entice 但是如果有一件事情可以吸引人
this Himalayan tree-hugger down from his perch, 这个喜马拉雅树拥抱者从他的栖息处下来,
ti's a potential mate. ti是潜在的伴侣.
Male territories overlap that of several females, 男性的领土与几个女性的领土重叠,
and although the mating season is just about over, 尽管交配季节快结束了,
this suitor is on a mission. 这个求婚者正在执行任务.
Despite the male's persistence,his efforts are futile. 尽管男性坚持不懈,但他的努力是徒劳的.
Female red pandas are fertile 雌性大熊猫肥沃
for just one 24-hour window per year, 每年只有一个24小时的窗口,
usually at the beginning of spring. 通常在春季开始时.
If this doesn't coincide with encountering a male, 如果这与遇到男性不符,
then she won't be receptive and will not conceive. 那么她就不会接受,也不会受孕.
This male will just have to hope his visitor 这个男人只需要希望他的访客
passes by a little earlier next year. 明年早些时候过去.
Closer to the river live a group of tree-climbing mammals 靠近河边,有一群爬树的哺乳动物
that rarely face the problem of locating a mate. 很少会遇到寻找伴侣的问题.
Gathered in tightly-knit social groups 聚集在紧密联系的社会团体中
of around a dozen individuals, 在大约十二个人中,
golden langurs give birth all year round. 金叶猴一年四季生下来.
Found only here and the neighboring foothills of Bhutan, 仅在这里和不丹附近的山麓上发现,
they're one of India's most endangered primates. 他们是印度最濒危的灵长类动物之一.
Unlike the red panda,langurs have a chambered stomach, 与小熊猫不同,叶猴胃腔宽大,
which helps break down cellulose. 这有助于分解纤维素.
Mature leaves and fresh bugs make up the majority 成熟的叶子和新鲜的虫子占多数
of their diet,and large salivary glands 他们的饮食和唾液腺大
also assist their digestion. 也帮助他们消化.
Regardless of the vast food supply, 不管有多少粮食供应,
competition over feeding still exists. 喂养方面的竞争仍然存在.
Minor skirmishes can quickly get out of hand, 小规模的小冲突很快就会失控,
but golden langurs have a way of leaping 但是金叶猴有跳跃的方法
to their own defense. 为自己辩护.
Large hind limbs provide powerful propulsion, 大后肢提供强大的推进力,
while long padded fingers allow 而长而柔软的手指则允许
for effective hooking and grabbing. 进行有效的钩住和抓取.
Langurs are one of the few primates 叶猴是少数灵长类动物之一
to have all but lost their thumbs, 失去了所有的拇指,
an evolutionary adaptation to prevent the digit 防止数字进化的适应方法
from being a hindrance while swinging through trees. 从树上摆动时成为障碍.
Although a long tail enhances balance, 尽管长尾巴可以增强平衡感,
it also requires a little more effort 这也需要更多的努力
when it comes to cleaning. 谈到清洁.
Grooming isn't just a solo affair. 修饰不仅仅是一个单独的事情.
Rummaging through a friend's fur 在朋友的皮毛里翻滚
is the langur's way of reinforcing social bonds, 是叶猴加强社会纽带的方式,
as well as relieving stress. 以及减轻压力.
Golden langurs seldom leave the trees,even to drink. 金叶猴很少离开树木,甚至不喝酒.
Most of their water comes from dew and rain-soaked leaves. 他们的大部分水来自露水和被雨水浸湿的叶子.
This tactic is adapted by some of the foothill's 此策略已被一些山麓丘陵的山峰所适应
smaller animals too,such as Himalayan squirrels 较小的动物,例如喜马拉雅松鼠
that find sanctuary in the foothill's 在山脚下找到庇护所
flowering rhododendron forests. 开花的杜鹃花森林.
More than 90% of the world's rhododendron trees 世界杜鹃树超过90％
originate from this very region. 起源于这个地区.
Some birds add more color to the mix 有些鸟为混合添加更多颜色
as they feed on insects attracted to the springtime blossom. 当它们以昆虫为食时,这些昆虫吸引了春天的花朵.
The Himalayan foothill trees provide safe refuge 喜马拉雅山麓树提供了安全的庇护所
to many creatures, 对许多生物来说
but there's one predator that relies 但是有一个掠食者依赖
on their elevated branches for its hunting success. 在他们高架的分支上获得狩猎成功.
Relatively short legs and broad paws 相对短的腿和宽的爪子
make the clouded leopard an expert at climbing trees. 让乌云密布的豹子成为爬树的专家.
Its exceptionally long tail provides excellent balance. 异常长的尾巴提供出色的平衡感.
Although it spends most of the day resting, 尽管整天大部分时间都在休息,
this medium-sized stocky cat is no slumbering softy. 这只中型矮胖的猫没有沉睡的柔软感.
The clouded leopard is a formidable predator. 乌云密布的豹子是一个强大的捕食者.
And relative to its size,it has the longest canine teeth 并且相对于它的大小,它有最长的犬齿
of any living carnivore. 任何活食肉动物.
As dusk draws in,the nocturnal hunter 随着黄昏的来临,夜间猎人
spots a potential victim. 发现潜在的受害者.
Rotatable rear ankle joints 可旋转的后踝关节
allow for a controlled descent,head first. 允许有控制的下降,首先是头.
Blind by night,jungle fowl stand little chance 晚上失明,丛林禽鸟几乎没有机会
against the leopard and its sharp nocturnal vision. 对抗豹子及其敏锐的夜视力.
In the high Himalayan Plateau of Ladakh, 在拉达克的喜马拉雅高原上,
Buddhist monks officially announce the arrival of spring. 和尚正式宣布春天的到来.
Defrosted streams feed the thawed-out grasslands, 解冻的溪流喂入解冻的草原,
and the high-altitude lakes prepare themselves 高海拔的湖泊为自己做好准备
for the return of their summertime residents. 为了夏季居民的归来.
With temperatures topping around 20 degrees above freezing, 随着温度超过冰点20度左右,
Tso Moriri's waters are in full melt. 佐莫里的海水完全融化了.
The high-flying bar-headed geese 高飞的雁头雁
begin arriving from their winter base 开始从他们的冬季基地到达
in India's lower plains,over 1,500 kilometers away. 在印度低平原,距离超过1500公里.
Tso Moriri's the only place in India 佐莫里是印度唯一的地方
where bar-headed geese come to breed. 鹅在哪里繁殖.
Because there are few predators at this high altitude, 因为在这种高海拔地区,捕食者很少
the lake provides the perfect summer residence 湖提供了完美的夏季居所
for a whole variety of water birds. 用于各种各样的水禽.
Shelducks,grebes,and gulls 谢尔德,格里布和海鸥
also rely on Tso Moriri for raising their young, 也依靠曹莫里里抚育他们的年轻,
making this Himalayan lake 使这个喜马拉雅湖
one of India's most important wetland ecosystems. 印度最重要的湿地生态系统之一.
With summer fast approaching, 随着夏季的临近,
the snow leopards follow the mountain's retreating snowline. 雪豹跟随着这座山的后退雪线.
The threat to the Changpa tribe's livestock is over, 对昌帕部落牲畜的威胁已经过去,
and they can now begin harvesting 他们现在可以开始收获了
their most valued resource. 他们最有价值的资源.
Through this ancient song,Namgel asks the goat 通过这首古老的歌,南格尔问山羊
for good pashm,and to be still 保持良好状态,并保持静止
as he gently combs out the soft fibers from underneath. 当他轻轻地从下面梳理柔软的纤维时.
With 200 goats to comb, 有200只山羊要梳理,
Namgel hopes to collect over 150 kilograms 南格尔希望收集150公斤以上
of Pashmina wool,a raw value of just over $6,000. 帕什米纳羊毛,原价略高于6,000美元.
The warmer weather allows for other 温暖的天气允许其他
age-old traditional activities, 古老的传统活动,
skills passed down through hundreds of generations. 技能传承了数百代人.
With the herd's new arrivals fully weaned, 牧群的新来者完全断奶后,
Stanzen draws on another of the tribe's 斯坦岑借鉴了部落的另一种方法
age-old domestic techniques. 古老的国内技术.
Using fat from the milk and a goat skin bag, 用牛奶和山羊皮袋里的脂肪,
the Changpa have been producing butter this way 昌巴一直用这种方式生产黄油
for thousands of years. 千百年来.
This rhythmic shaking breaks down the butter fat membranes, 这种有节奏的摇动会破坏黄油的脂肪膜,
allowing the particles to clump together. 让粒子凝聚在一起.
The entire churning process 整个搅拌过程
takes around half an hour to complete. 需要大约半小时才能完成.
Bags made from sheep intestine preserves the bowl's shape 羊肠制成的袋子保留了碗的形状
and keeps it clean. 并保持清洁.
This way,the butter can be stored for several months. 这样,黄油可以储存几个月.
With the higher altitude plains 随着海拔较高的平原
again offering grazing pasture, 再次提供牧场
the Changpa prepare to leave their winter camp. 昌帕准备离开他们的冬令营.
These lower pastures remain strictly out of bounds 这些较低的牧场严格禁止进入
during summer in order to guarantee a vital winter reserve. 在夏季,以确保重要的冬季储备.
With Nanda Devi's Valley of Flowers in full summer bloom, 伴随着南达·德维（Nanda Devi）的花朵谷盛开,
the Himalayan mountain range appears set to release 喜马拉雅山脉似乎即将释放
its greatest gift to the world below. 它对世界的最伟大的礼物.
As India's warm,moist summer winds head north 随着印度温暖,潮湿的夏季向北吹来
towards mainland Asia, 往亚洲大陆
they suddenly hit the Himalayas's gigantic natural barrier. 他们突然撞上了喜马拉雅山脉的巨大自然屏障.
Forced upwards,these vast vapor clouds condense, 这些巨大的蒸气云被迫向上凝结,
dumping billions of liters of rain 倾倒数十亿升的雨水
on the parched ground below. 在下面的干地上.
These short-lived summer monsoons 这些短暂的夏季季风
provide over 70% of India's annual rainfall. 提供印度年降雨量的70％以上.
Over 200 million farmers rely on this rain 超过2亿农民依靠降雨
to grow their crops,and in turn, 种庄稼,反过来,
feed a nation of over a billion people. 养活了一个超过十亿人口的国家.
If it weren't for the Himalayas, 如果不是喜马拉雅山脉,
India would effectively be a drought-ridden giant desert. 印度实际上将是干旱缠身的巨型沙漠.
The Himalayas are a hostile wilderness 喜马拉雅山是一个充满敌意的荒野
that challenge all who venture their snowy slopes. 挑战所有冒险下雪坡的人.
But these mammoth mountains also have a positive effect 但是这些巨大的山脉也有积极的作用
on climate,supporting the lives 在气候上,维持生命
of an endless number of creatures, 无数的生物,
including one of the largest populations of people 包括人口最多的人群之一
on the planet. 在这个星球上.
But the battle to survive 但是生存之战
on the world's toughest mountains continues. 世界上最艰苦的山脉仍在继续.